基于“无废理念”的纺织服装工业区绿色化改造模式研究

通过对中国工业区，特别是纺织服装工业区"产废"情况的梳理，明确针对污染严重，经济效益不高的工业区进行改造的必要性。为实现对纺织服装工业区绿色化改造，从"无废理念"出发，重点研究纺织服装工业区绿色化改造的可实施路径。在研究方法上将纺织服装工业区作为研究整体，基于可持续发展思想，构建纺织服装工业区经济、社会、环境复合生态系统，运用层次分析法，选取对于该类工业园区具有代表性的经济、社会、环境指标进行评价，通过评价后总的分值，结合生命周期规律，将需要改造的纺织服装工业区进行初步筛选。同时，利用经济、社会、环境各子系统的分值，对具体改造模式加以判别。文章通过对纺织服装工业区不可持续性的内涵挖掘，将工业区绿色化改造模式与改造内容建立关联，可以通过产业绿色化改造和建成空间绿色化改造，来实现工业园区的升级与转型，进而实现可持续发展。最后，根据模式判别结果，针对不同模式在产业与建成空间的不同特征，提出相应的绿色化改造方法和政策建议。在结论中总结基于"无废理念"纺织服装工业区绿色化改造与可持续发展的辩证关系。此方法适用于其他类型的工业区改造模式判别，以促进工业区的可持续发展。     

The SER Standards: a globally relevant and inclusive tool for improving restoration practice—a reply to Higgs et al.

In response to a critique by Higgs et al., this article clarifies the content and intent of the Society for Ecological Restoration's (SER) International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration. Higgs et al. expressed concern that the SER Standards are not sufficiently underpinned by principles and risk disenfranchising some practitioners by narrowing what qualifies as ecological restoration. To demonstrate that these concerns are unfounded, we discuss the policy context and principles on which the Standards are based, its organizational structure, the innovative and inclusive approach used for development, and highlight significant errata by Higgs et al.     

Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences reveal three cryptic lineages in the widespread neotropical frog Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Leptodactylus fuscus is a neotropical frog ranging from Panamá to Argentina, to the east of the Andes mountains, and also inhabiting Margarita, Trinidad, and the Tobago islands. We performed phylogenetic analyses of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, tRNA-Leu, and ND1 mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequences from specimens collected across the geographic distribution of L. fuscus to examine two alternative hypotheses: (i) L. fuscus is a single, widely distributed species, or (ii) L. fuscus is a species complex. We tested statistically for geographic association and partitioning of genetic variation among mtDNA clades. The mtDNA data supported the hypothesis of several cryptic species within L. fuscus. Unlinked mtDNA and nuclear markers supported independently the distinctness of a 'northern' phylogenetic unit. In addition, the mtDNA data divided the southern populations into two clades that showed no sister relationship to each other, consistent with high differentiation and lack of gene flow among southern populations as suggested by allozyme data. Concordance between mtDNA and allozyme patterns suggests that cryptic speciation has occurred in L. fuscus without morphological or call differentiation. This study illustrates a case in which lineage splitting during the speciation process took place without divergence in reproductive isolation mechanisms (e.g. advertisement call in frogs), contrary to expectations predicted using a biological species framework.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 87 , 325–341. No claim to original US government works.     

Analysis and understanding of butterfly community composition based on multivariate approaches and the concept of generalist/specialist strategies

We analyzed butterfly community composition using multivariate analyses. The results of principal components analysis showed that the butterfly community was composed mainly of two species groups. This species grouping was also supported by the results of the cluster analysis (unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic average). Comparing the present results with species classification based on the generalist/specialist concept, the butterfly community was found to be composed of five species groups differing from each other in their ecological characteristics: a specialist group, two intermediate groups and two generalist groups. By comparison of their characteristics, it was suggested that, in the butterfly community, the positions of the specialist group and one of the generalist groups are the endpoints on the generalist/specialist selection spectrum, and the three other groups are positioned between these two extremes. The multivariate analyses showed that the species grouping with the generalist/specialist concept based only on voltinism and larval diet breadth was not sufficient to classify both intermediate and generalist groups, and also succeeded in extracting a typical generalist group from the butterfly community. From these results, we propose and recommend the synergetic application of the generalist/specialist concept and multivariate approaches to the detailed analysis and deeper understanding of community structure and composition.     

Changes in nitrogen cycling and retention processes in soils under spruce forests along a nitrogen enrichment gradient in Germany

A network of long-term monitoring sites on nitrogen (N) input and output of forests across Germany showed that a number of Germany's forests are subject to or are experiencing N saturation and that spruce (Picea abies) stands have high risk. Our study was aimed at (1) quantifying the changes in gross rates of microbial N cycling and retention processes in forest soils along an N enrichment gradient and (2) relating the changes in soil N dynamics to N losses. We selected spruce sites representing an N enrichment gradient (indicated by leaching : throughfall N ratios) ranging from 0.04–0.13 (low N),≤0.26 (intermediate N enrichment) to≥0.42 (highly N enriched). To our knowledge, our study is the first to report on mechanistic changes in gross rates of soil N cycling and abiotic NO₃⁻ retention under ambient N enrichment gradient. Gross N mineralization, NH₄⁺ immobilization, gross nitrification, and NO₃⁻ immobilization rates increased up to intermediate N enrichment level and somewhat decreased at highly N-enriched condition. The turnover rates of NH₄⁺ and microbial N pools increased while the turnover rates of the NO₃⁻ pool decreased across the N enrichment gradient. Abiotic immobilization of NH₄⁺ did not differ across sites and was lower than that of NO₃⁻. Abiotic NO₃⁻ immobilization decreased across the N enrichment gradient. Microbial assimilation and turnover appeared to contribute largely to the retention of NH₄⁺. The increasing NO₃⁻ deposition and decreasing turnover rates of the NO₃⁻ pool, combined with decreasing abiotic NO₃⁻ retention, possibly contributed to increasing NO₃⁻ leaching and gaseous emissions across the N enrichment gradient. The empirical relationships of changes in microbial N cycling across the N enrichment gradient may be integrated in models used to predict responses of forest ecosystems (e.g. spruce) to increasing N deposition.     

基于可见光波段包络线去除的湿地植物叶片叶绿素估算

研究采用芦苇和香蒲叶片光谱及实测叶绿素含量数据,选取波段谱带范围为可见光波段400—760nm(为了避免近红外波段受叶片水分含量的影响,降低构建模型的稳定性),利用相关分析与逐步回归分析的统计学分析方法,建立叶面尺度下不同包络线去除衍生转换光谱:BD(band depth)、CRDR(continuum-removed derivative reflectance)、BDR(band depth ratio)、NBDI(normalized band depth index)与叶绿素含量估算模型。通过对入选波段的统计表明在550—750nm,特别是700—750nm(红边)波段范围内产生了较多的有效波段,是今后进行生物参量反演的重点波段范围。舍一交叉验证结果表明芦苇、香蒲和混合样本绿素含量估测的最佳模型分别为BD、CRDR和NBDI模型,其交叉验证决定系数依次为0.87、0.83和0.81,交叉验证均方根误差RMSE依次为0.16、0.15和0.33。并在此基础上利用独立样本非参数检验和多因子方差分析,探讨相关因素对于叶绿素含量估算模型精度的影响。结果表明物种差异、数据类型差异对于叶绿素回归模型的影响较大,而光谱类型差异及光谱数据与数据类型交互作用对于回归模型精度的影响较小。     

基于稳定同位素的SPAC水碳拆分及耦合研究进展

土壤-植被-大气连续体(SPAC)是陆地水文学、生态学和全球变化领域的重要研究对象,其水碳循环过程及耦合机制是前沿性问题.稳定同位素技术示踪、整合和指示的特征有助于评估分析生态系统固碳和耗水情况.本文在简述稳定同位素应用原理和技术的基础上,重点阐释了基于稳定同位素光学技术的SPAC系统水碳交换研究进展,包括:在净碳通量中拆分光合与呼吸量,在蒸散通量中拆分蒸腾与蒸发量,以及在系统尺度上的水碳耦合研究.新兴的技术和方法实现了生态系统尺度上长期高频的同位素观测,但在测量精准度、生态系统呼吸拆分、非稳态模型适应性、尺度转换和水碳耦合机制等方面存在挑战.本文探讨了现有主要研究成果、局限性以及未来研究展望,以期对稳定同位素生态学领域的新研究和技术发展有所帮助.     

“整合物种概念”和“分化路上的物种”

已有的各个物种概念对物种的认识类似盲人摸象, 只包含了物种的某一个方面; 而一个分化后期的成熟物种应涵盖了所有的物种概念。但是, 尚未到达分化后期的物种往往又已开始新一轮的物种分化; 自然中存在的多数“物种”处于分化路上。这种循环往复连续分化产生的物种, 存在种间生殖隔离不彻底、基因流频繁发生、网状进化突出等现象。此外, 对于不同的物种对, 最早开始分化的基因以及不同物种概念所要求的条件的分化顺序不是统一的, 而是随机的。定义一个适合所有“分化路上的物种”概念存在较大困难。但是, 应采用尽可能多的物种概念来界定分化路上的物种、发表新种和进行分类处理; 也应承认种间可能广泛存在不完全的生殖隔离和有限的基因流, 即有不属于两个物种群体的杂交或回交个体的存在。这样划分的物种比只依据一个物种概念认定的物种具有更高的客观性和科学性。